If you need to add a word or words to make the excerpted phrase make sense, put them in square brackets: The results were described as 'disappointing' (Jensen et al, 2011).

If your source has three or more authors, list the first followed by et al: Turner (2007, p.14) argues that it is more effective to work 'better not longer'. Citations are all in Harvard style - check the style your department prefers. It is good practice to include the page number.īelow are some examples of ways to build short quotes into your writing. Your assignment should be mostly written in your own words, using evidence from your research to support or challenge your statements. When it is appropriate to use direct quotes, these should generally be kept as brief as possible and you should show how the quote relates to the argument you are making and the assignment question. In UK academic culture, it is poor practice to use a lot of direct quotes from someone else's work. Theorists have considered the impact of a variety of circumstances on the creation and expansion of identity (Wenger, 1998 Lee, 2013 Morton and Grainger, 2009). Indirect mention with brief citation in Harvard style: The focus of Wenger's discussion is on the way that different aspects come together to build notions of identity (3). Paraphrase with brief citation in numeric style.

Wenger (1998, p.181) argues that 'Engagement, imagination and alignment each create relations of belonging'. Check your course handbook to see what style your department prefers.ĭirect quote with brief citation in Harvard style. The style of referencing you are using will dictate which details you include in your citations, how you signpost brief citations (in the body of the text or in footnotes, directly or by assigning a number which links to full details in a reference list), and what order you put information in.

You need to include a brief citation in the text at the place where you refer to the source, and a full citation in your bibliography or reference list. This is the case whether you use a direct quote, a paraphrase, or even just a direct or indirect mention. You need to provide a citation whenever you refer to an idea that you derived from a source.

How to insert a citation into a speech